Relationship between theory and practice in human resource management Essay

Relationship between theory and practice in human resource management - Essay Example In order for employees to improve their output, they have to be motivated.Motivation in itself takes many forms.But motivation must be seen to be taking place practically than just by the word of mouth.The human resource practitioners must understand the fact that different human resource persons are motivated by different motivators. As others may be motivated by better pay, others would be motivated if the working environment is conducive. Therefore it is important to understand the nature of each employee for motivation to be practically enhanced. Their areas of interest need be identified and motivation geared towards improving that area.The human resource practitioners can on a continuous basis give out questionnaires asking the employees questions such as: - where the management made improvements within the organization's area they fell should be improved etc. These should then be acted upon by management. By doing this the employees feel that they are part and parcel of the or ganization and this finally motivates them. Management should go to the extent of rewarding good performer in monetary terms, in kind e.g. through promotions etc. This would make everyone in the organization to work harder and achieve higher results. Other areas where motivation can be better shown in practice include better health and safety - No one likes working in unhygienic and unsafe conditions. Management should protect the employees from hazardous conditions... Practically the training and development must be seen in motion. Employees should be asked through their seniors to identify their training needs after which resources are set aside for training. This should then be related to promotions in the work place because employees will see the essence of training. Off -the job exercise and motivations: - Motivation can be further enhanced practically by managers through annual leaves by employees as this allows them to relax their minds Theory and Practice of Management Performance Management and Appraisal Performance management is the close monitoring of employees' results overtime. Appraisal is the rating on the performance. 3 It is not enough to theoretically apply performance management and appraisal. Performance appraisal starts with targets which the management has set. These should neither be too low nor too high. The employees would be rated on what they have achieved as compared with the expected/ targeted results. Not only should the final results be measured but also the time span at which they have been achieved. Clock cards should be introduced in the organization to indicate at what time they reported and the time they left, since idle time affects the level of performance achieved. The performance of one individual can also be checked by another. This is the system referred to as internal checks. It is mostly applied in written work -pieces where on employee peruses through the other's work. It also gives an employee the opportunity to learn from others thus improving his own performance and output. Performance management should entail getting feedback from the clients/ customers or any other stakeholders of the organization. Suggestion boxes can be

War and Peace Among People and nations Research Paper

War and Peace Among People and nations - Research Paper Example War can be defined as organized conflict carried out by countries, states, organizations and even gangs. With war comes economic social and civil disruption and upset of power in society. War started out as small raids way before mankind’s civilization. Civilization according to the new world encyclopedia is where people live together as societies so as to form settled dwellings and cities. Before this, war was just for food and territory between a few. With civilization and the progress of mankind the reasons changed from physical to ideological as was seen in the world wars and more so in the cold war between capitalist and communist ideology. There many reasons why humans state and sovereign nations go to war. Natural Resources have been a key factor in most wars, land, minerals, money. The gulf war for example was triggered by Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait on 2nd August 1990. Some of the major reasons for the invasion as stated by the then President Saddam were that Kuw ait was in essence a province of Iraq. He was very bitter that Iraq remained landlocked and claimed that before the British colonialist drew up the boarders they were one with Kuwait. Another reason was that Kuwait was overproducing oil and exporting it at a lower price and it affected the market. This was generally not good for Iraq which had just come from the Iraq-Iran war. Her economy had weakened and she was deeply in debt. But there are also noble reasons why humans go to war. The united states civil war to liberate black Americans from slavery and to salvage a country and that is one of the major factor that has led to the prosperity of the united states of America. Humans also go to war to gain freedom from oppression and to stop human rights abuse this has been seen mostly in African countries through civil wars and uprisings against dictator’s and violent oppressors. In world war two, states went to war to stop Hitler who was responsible for mass killing and discrim ination in his country. The mass slaughter of innocent citizens pushed many people from all over the world to enlist into the war against the Nazi regime. Hitler’s mad regime had to be stopped at all cost. His declaration of war against France and Britain made him a threat to the people of the two nations . The USA justified it joining the gulf by stating it had geopolitical interest in the region and that the attack on sovereign Kuwait was unacceptable. In some cases justifications are vague allied interest tend to give the impression of an underling agenda. Extremist and terrorist groups criticize outside influence and blame it on the lack of prosperity and development in their own countries. Some have religious justification, they believe that certain groups of people are cursed because of diversity. War however is but one of many other ways to solve conflict. International sanctions is one method that has proven effective to countries and leaders who violate human rights and oppress there people. During the gulf war, the UN gave heavy sanctions that were carried out against Iraq for its invasion of Kuwait. Navy blockades were placed all around to enforce the blockade. Sanctions are one way of ensuring that co-operation since they stopped the country’s import and export suffocating its economy and starving her. Germany too suffered huge loss to such a point that had to ration out food due to a British blockade that stop any ship

Roy Bhaskars Theory of Critical Realism

Roy Bhaskars Theory of Critical Realism How to Change Reality: Story vs. Structure Debate between Rom Harre and Roy Bhaskar Roy Bhaskar (15 May 1944 19 November 2014) was a British philosopher, renowned as the initiator of the philosophical movement of Critical Realism. He was a World Scholar at the Institute of Education, University College London. Critical Realism (CR) is an integrative metatheory founded in the 1970s by Roy Bhaskar with the publication of seminal works in the philosophy of science and social science, such as A Realist Theory of Science, The Plausibility of Naturalism, and Scientific Realism and Human Emancipation. Bhaskars consideration of the philosophies of science and social science resulted in the development of Critical Realism. The term Critical Realism was not initially used by Bhaskar. The philosophy began life as what Bhaskar called Transcendental Realism in A Realist Theory of Science (1975), which he extended into the social sciences as Critical Naturalism in The Possibility of Naturalism (1978). The term Critical Realism is an elision of Transcendental Realism and Critical Naturalism, that has been subsequently accepted by Bhaskar after being proposed by others, partly because of its appropriate connotations; Critical Realism shares certain dimensions with German Critical Theory. In this essay Roy Bhaskar distinguish post modernism, social constructionism, Critical Realism and Dialectical Critical Realism. He has discussed Rom and Charlies point of view on Social Constructionism and Critical Realism in a dialectical context. The first thing Bhaskar discussed, is how Rom and Charlie defended post modernization and social constructionism. Further, Bhaskar gave a dialectical context on Roms work, stating that his all works ends in some kind of reductionism, but before giving dialect on Roms point. Bhaskar gives a prolonged explanation to postmodernists saying that reality is a social construct. Bhaskar started elucidating postmodernism. According to Bhaskar, Reality is a construct of discourse, the text, the conversation, or if you like, people or even power relations. Bhaskar further criticized Roms dual aspect philosophy of social reality. In which he stated how Rom gives two different statements in different modes. According to Bhaskar, when Rom is in Vygotskian mode he says that social reality is a construct of conversation. That is because Roms ideas are closest as to Lev Vygotsky. Bhaskar further added that when Rom is in humanist mode, he says it is a construct of people. Both postmodernist and Rom a greed that social reality is conceptual, to which Bhaskar also agreed and proclaimed further that is it not exhaustive of anything, whether its people, powerful particulars, discourse or text. According to Bhaskar, interesting thing about dialectical critical realism is that it takes the dialectic a stage further. Bhaskars dialectical critical realism rejects any sort of reductionism. He asserted that there is no equation between social and the conceptual or social and the humans. He then gave prolonged description about conceptual moment in human life. He then discussed the connection to human freedom and they have a dialectical universalisabilty of forming a judgement. According to Bhaskar, humans have a vision of good society in which the free development of one is the condition for free development of all, by this statement free development (- -), he is asserting that human wants a classless society, the free development of each, the individual liberty and freedom to work of each individual allows for the building of a better society. He further asserted that being humans, we are more concerned about the factors that affects our freedom and we should get rid of those factors such as Nazism (The ideology and practice of the Nazis, especially the policy of racist nationalism, national expansion, and state control of the economy), bureaucracy and capitalism. He said that we should rescue our situation by considering our being and existence in a more serious manner and it is because we want to save the situation and have to take ontological (nature of being, becoming, existence, or reality, as well as the basic categories of being and their relations) question significantly of whether structures, whether unconscious or social, are real. Bhaskar describes from a critical realist standpoint that how postmodernist deny existence of direct object to being. Bhaskar asserted that postmodernist normally says that they are not denying that things exist but they merely assert and says that they cant say anything about these things. But Critical Realism has shown philosophical position, or scientific position, or social position, all require a certain general shape of the world. He added that if we are restricted human knowledge to that which can be perceived by the senses, we will believe that social forms and social structures are immutable but if we are like Habermas (German sociologist and philosopher in the tradition of critical theory and pragmatism.) in his account of nature that we will set up false resistance between nature and society. Bhaskar asserted nature is a very special thing, which is not governed by laws, mechanism or structures and he agreed with Roms words on nature that we are free to reinvent it very mo rning.Bhaskar added that Rom and Charles are not postmodernist; they do not believe reality, as such, is a social construct. But in their Social Constructivism , their views on social existence reduces to conversation or people. They have given example that one thing can be dependent on multiple factors i.e. Does the food depend just on cook? No. It depends on various factors like utensils, ingredients, resources that he/she is given by the authorities, to which Bhaskar added that the cook must have made more tastier food if there would have been more budget. Here, Bhaskar wanted to prove a point that we are constrained by various factor and we can do better without constraints. Bhaskar then dialect Rom and Charles idea of reinventing society. He criticized that why Rom and Charles do not reinvent a better kind of society if its so easy? He then further explained with an example of Oxford College, that how fellows can decide how much wine they can drink and how much to store for the next year. By this he means how fellows can change rules time to time. But then an Oxford college is subject to government finance, if privately endowed, to stock market fluctuations. By this example Bhaskar describes how things can be controlled using constraints and how things would act as a very powerful constraint. Bhaskar further explains social structure and causal powers. He explains how agent, factor or vehicle, anything that influences the course of events in some way, is the criteria for causality. He added the people are very special but what people can do in a particular social context must be examined scientifically. He says we should accept the constraining structures if we want human freedom and we should not deny it. To this, Bhaskar dialect Roms statement that social structures cannot be reproduced except by human activity. He further asserted what Rom has said is a fundamental principal and is common to both his(Bhaskars) transformational model of social activity and Giddens theory of structuration. But there is an important difference between the two models in morality of which cannot be equated, which Maggie Archer in particular has pointed out. Bhaskar, regarding his transformational model asserts how we, humans are shackled of doing anything new and are beset by the preexistin g structures, that restrain us. He asserted that fundamental Aristotelian model of society is correct. Efficient causality presupposes material causality; it presupposes a pre-existing material cause. And how we are heavily burdened by cruel presence of the past in this social world. He then talks about the one which validates Rom and Charless model, is, the birth of a baby, coming out of the womb, but that too, pre-existing life in the womb and out of the womb as well, pre-exiting thing are ready, fixed, pre-given. Bhaskars statement that at any moment of time we are heavily constrained by preexisting structures is a right theory From Bhaskars point of view, Charles account of relationship between people and organism lacks the concept of emergence. He stated, people are organism, but there is one thing that differentiate people from being an organism only, emergent powers. In Bhaskars word People are organism, but they are organism with emergent powers. He added that our society too, have emergent powers of human behavior to understand the society better but then everything eventually ends up with his former notion, everything is pre-existing human behavior. In this para, Bhaskar explains how humans are emergent from the animal world and human power are the ingredients in the animal world, thats what make us human, thats why we are humans. Bhaskar describes that there is a plausibility of good society, we have to strive and fight for making one. Bhaskar concluded that they might come to agree upon in terms of substantive proposals. But Rom and Charlie thinks that we have already achieved social construct but they do not know how we did it. Whereas Bhaskar thinks that there is a lot more hard work to do. And it is something humanity may or may not obtain contingently. But it is there as a task and moral imperative.

Comapring George Orwells 1984 and Aldous Huxleys Brave New World Essa

Comapring George Orwell's 1984 and Aldous Huxley's Brave New World   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Imagine a world in which people are produced in factories, a world lost of all freedom and individuality, a world where people are exiled or â€Å"disappear'; for breaking the mold. Both 1984 by George Orwell and Aldous Huxley's Brave New World are startling depictions of such a society. Although these novels are of fictional worlds, control of the future may be subtly evolving and becoming far worse than Huxley or Orwell could ever have imagined. Each society destroys the freedom of the individual through various controlling methods such as the denial of language and literature, a caste system and conditioning.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One way in which each society controls is by limiting the language and literature of every citizen. In 1984, a language called Newspeak is devised in order to narrow all thought into one mode. There are three categories of Newspeak vocabulary: A, B and C. The A vocabulary consists of words used in everyday life to express simple thoughts. The B vocabulary includes words meant for political usage, forcing a particular mental state on the person using the vocabulary. Finally, the C vocabulary is based solely on technical and scientific words, constructed of only strict and rigid meanings. Individual thought is completely impossible because the constricted vocabulary is intended to include only principles of the Newspeak language. The vocabulary is constructed so that words of unorthodox meaning such as â€Å"individual freedom'; are eliminated all together. Newspeak is designed to douse the flame of thought and idea, while encouraging collective ideas. Over time, Newspeak destroys any variation of idea from the intention of the â€Å"Party’s';. Literature is also slowly altered so that the author’s original meaning is lost to the meaning of the Newspeak language. Newspeak translations seem to consume thoughts and memories much like a sponge absorbs water.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the Brave New World, literature and art are taken away in order to destroy individuality and freedom of thought. For as Mustapha Mond says, â€Å"It isn’t only art that’s incompatible with happiness; it’s also science. Science is dangerous; we have to keep it most carefully chained and muzzled'; (Huxley 231). The Controller has made thinking impossible by taking away all science, art and religious b... ...ind-set associated with their castes. They are conditioned to dread being alone, for isolation creates introspection, which in turn fosters a sense of individualism. For example, this is expressed in a scene where Bernard takes Lenina out on a first date. He suggests they go for a walk and talk, but Lenina finds such an activity distasteful. She instead persuades Bernard to take her to the Semi-Demi Finals of the Women’s Heavyweight Wrestling Championships (Huxley 64). Soma tablets are also distributed in order to calm any hint of revolt or occurrence of thought. It is a drug taken to dull the senses of the urgency and desire for action. For as Lenina says, â€Å"Remember one cubic centimetere cures ten gloomy sentiments'; (Huxley 89).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout 1984 and Brave New World, each method of control is intended to keep the individual from questioning their individuality. By limiting language and literature, creating social classes and conditioning, these societies are able to accomplish their goal. Yet, as long as humans continue to desire to acquire knowledge, this will never be allowed to happen. For it is upon the strengths of the individuals that our entire society is built.

Halting the wheels of hope Essay

The concept of governmental tyranny is often difficult to grasp to those living in more democratic nations, and media output and literature become key in growing to understand it’s implications. Serving to heighten this political perspective is â€Å"The Wheels of Freedom: Bicycles in China† by Fred Strebeigh, which describes China’s bicycle ban in 1989 and subsequent protests in Tiananmen Square, Beijing. The bicycle provided significant growth and freedom within Chinese culture, and Strebeigh endeavors to communicate this to readers. Illustrating this, he defends the will of the people to preserve their right to ride them in the face of government opposition, and the tragedy imposed by political oppression. Upon the bicycle’s introduction to the people of China in the early 20th century, many looked to it through eyes of bewilderment. A fascinating and not yet popularized machine, it was most commonly ridden by members of affluent societies. As it’s newness wore off, however, it slowly became available those of the more humble classes, and in place of the word â€Å"bicycle†, the term â€Å"foreign horse† found it’s use in the minds and mouths of the masses. Strebeigh includes that the term â€Å"foreign† communicated the people’s feelings of admiration for the bicycle while alluding to the fact that it was modern. The peasantry of China found themselves with the deepest sense of admiration for the â€Å"foreign horse†. To them, the thought of owning one brought to mind the ease it could bring to their everyday lives, as they often carried burdensome loads on their backs. Yet, the low supply and thus high cost of the bicycle made it’s acquisition impractical for them. In response to the desire, the government later began regulating higher production rates of the bicycle to readily supply them to the impoverished and raise morale. However, the term â€Å"foreign horse† was banned in light of it’s glorification of another nation’s ingenuity, highlighting the extremes of the Chinese government to exercise their sovereign of the people. In it’s place, the name â€Å"self-running cart†. This served to express the government sentiment that the people could have what they wanted, but only at it’somplete jurisdiction. The people tolerated the name change of their beloved bicycles, as the trade-off of name for it’s widespread distribution was easy enough, and many still used it’s original moniker in private. Following it’s popularization, the lives of many saw an enrichment in quality. The dignity of the people improved, as it granted them new freedoms and eased the stress of everyday tasks, al lowing for flourishing business and connectedness within communities. Perhaps stated best, Strebeigh wrote of it’s wide use, â€Å"Everywhere, cycles kept life rolling† (Strebeigh). In addition to heightening the commerce of societies, it introduced the occupation of bicycle repair, which Stebeigh revered as perhaps the â€Å"freest† job in China. In it’s praise, he wrote, â€Å"A hard worker needed only a street corner and a few tools. Before his eyes bikes would inevitably break down and, if he was skilled, clients would multiply. Bicycle repair seemed to offer an extension of what the bike itself offered and what so many Chinese sought: modest dignity, new choices, ample freedom. † (Strebeigh). Bike repair was a choice outside of the typical, and entirely pursued as an individual pleased. Sadly, it was the bicycles issuance of dignity, choices, and freedom that that ultimately inflicted threat upon the Chinese government. They understood that with bike ownership, the people were growing to a height of advantage. It was their supposition that, if the people continued in such a fashion, government control perhaps had the potential to become menial. To ensure that their ultimate authority was not being overlooked, a ban was placed on bicycles within China. News of this did not come amicably to the people, and their response was protest. It was Tianenmen Square in Bejing which saw the organization of a large-scale demonstration which rallied for government reform. It lasted weeks, and ended upon the mobilization of troops to the area. Their invasion was destructive and resulted in the loss of many lives as troops initiated the use of tanks and weaponry to control the people. In media coverage, it was not the bloodied bodies of victims that were aired on television screens in Chinese homes, but rather the depiction of bicycles which had been crushed by the military. Of it, Strebeigh writes, â€Å"They wanted to show crushed dignity, crushed humanity, crushed freedom–so much that the bicycle means in China. † (Strebeigh). This image was a wise devise of the government. They knew what the bicycle represented to the people, and knew that to show it destroyed would communicate their dominance and triumph. The concept of tyrannical rule and its implied bleakness are often incomprehensible, or altogether unrecognized by the people of more democratic countries given their many freedoms. With the words of Fred Strebeigh, however, perspective expands. The honor of an object as seemingly simple as a bicycle becomes worthy of defense, even dying for, and the tragedy of oppressive rule becomes very real. Works Cited

Medicine and Thesis Statement

Some people think old buildings should be destroyed and replaced with modern buildings. To what extent do you agree or disagree? Study foreign language at overseas is beneficial or not agree or disagree with extent? D? u hi? u trong d? bai: Only, the most important, some, all, necessary, many M? d? u: NP†¦. Brings the negative and positive that lead to wide discussion. Thesis statement: Example 1 Some people believe that it is acceptable for young children to undertake jobs that they are paid for, whereas others believe that this is wrong and should be illegal. This essay will discuss both sides of the issue.Example 2 At present, more and more young children are becoming involved in paid work. Whilst some people are of the opinion that this is an entirely acceptable practice, others believe that this is completely wrong and should be made illegal. Example 3 At present, more and more young children are becoming involved in paid work. Whilst some people are of the opinion that thi s is an entirely acceptable practice,  I believe  that this is completely wrong and should be made illegal. 2) Agreeing or Disagreeing Currently there is a trend towards the use of alternative forms of medicine.However, at best these methods are ineffective, and at worst they may be dangerous. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement? A thesis statement that  agrees with the opinion: Alternative medicine is not new. It is accepted that it pre-dates conventional medicine and it is still used by many people all over the world. However, I strongly believe that this form of medicine does not work and is possibly a danger to those using it. A thesis statement that  disagrees with the opinion: Alternative medicine is not new. It is accepted that it pre-dates onventional medicine and it is still used by many people all over the world. I am unconvinced that it is dangerous, and feel that both alternative and conventional medicine can be useful. A thesis statement that  partly agrees with the opinion: Alternative medicine is not new. It is accepted that it pre-dates conventional medicine and it is still used by many people all over the world. I agree that for certain conditions this type of medicine is ineffective and could even be dangerous, but for some illnesses it is a good alternative choice. Government investment in the arts, such as music and theatre, is a waste of money.Governments must invest this money in public services instead. To what extent do you agree with this statement? These days, the government spends a large part of its budget not only on public services, but also the arts. Although I agree that it is important to spend money on public services, I do not think spending on the arts is a waste of money. 3) Other Essays Problems and solutions: Overpopulation of urban areas has led to numerous problems. Identify one or two serious ones and suggest ways that governments and individuals can tackle these problems.Sample thesis in bold: Many countries of the world are currently experiencing problems caused by rapidly growing populations in urban areas. Both governments and individuals have a duty to find ways to overcome these problems. Causes and Effects: The percentage of overweight children in western society has increased by almost 20% in the last ten years. Discuss the causes and effects of this disturbing trend. Over the last ten years, Western societies have seen close to a 20% rise in the number of children who are overweight.This essay will discuss some reasons why this has occurred and examine the consequences of this worrying trend. Advantages and Disadvantages: In order to solve traffic problems, governments should tax private car owners heavily and use the money to improve public transportation. What are the advantages and disadvantages of such a solution? Traffic congestion in many cities around the world is severe. One possible solution to this problem is to impose heavy taxes on car driver s and use this money to make public transport better. This essay will discuss the benefits and drawbacks of such a measure.

Jocasta from Oedipus the King - Jocastas Monlogue

Jocasta from Oedipus the King - Jocastas Monlogue This dramatic female monologue comes from the Greek play Oedipus the King, Sophocles’ most famous tragedy. Some Necessary Background Information Queen Jocasta (Yo-KAH-stuh) is one of Greek mythology’s most ill-fated characters. First, she and her husband King Laius (LAY-us) learn from the Delphic Oracle (a sort of ancient fortune teller) that their newborn child is destined to kill his father and marry his mother. So, in the play’s first attempt by characters to outwit Fate, they pierce their baby’s ankles to bind them together and leave the child out in the wilderness to die. Little does Jocasta know that a kindly herdsman saves her child. The baby is called Oedipus (ED-uh-pus) – which means swollen ankles - by his adoptive parents, King Polybus (PAH-lih-bus) and Queen Merope (Meh-RUH-pee) from the  nearby city-state of Corinth. When Oedipus grows up, completely unaware that he was a â€Å"foundling,† he learns of the  prophecy that claims that he will commit both patricide and incest. Because he believes that this prediction applies to Polybus and Merope, the parents that he loves, he quickly leaves town believing that he can avoid that terrible fate. This is the plays second attempt by a character to outwit Fate. His escape route has him heading towards the city of Thebes. On his way there, he is almost run over by the chariot of an arrogant king. This king just happens to be King Laius (Oedipus’s biological father). They fight and guess what? Oedipus slays the king. Prophecy Part One fulfilled. Once in Thebes, Oedipus solves a riddle that saves Thebes from a monstrous Sphinx and therefore he  becomes the new king of Thebes. Since the previous king died in an incident of ancient road rage, which for some reason no one ever connects to Oedipus, the current queen Jocasta is a widow and needs a husband. So Oedipus weds the older but still beautiful Queen Jocasta. That’s right, he marries his mother! And over the years, they produce four children. Prophecy Part Two fulfilled – but almost everyone, including Oedipus himself, remains unaware of all of the thwarted efforts to trick Fate. Just prior to the monologue below, news has arrived that the king Oedipus believes to be  his father has died – and it was not at Oedipus’s hand! Jocasta is exceedingly pleased and relieved, but Oedipus is still bothered by the second part of the prophecy. His wife tries to ease the fears of her husband (who is also her son – but she has not figured this out yet) in this speech. JOCASTA: Why should a mortal man, the sport of chance, With no assured foreknowledge, be afraid? Best live a careless life from hand to mouth. This wedlock with thy mother fear not thou. How oft it chances that in dreams a man Has wed his mother! He who least regards Such brainsick fantasies lives most at ease. In another translation of the same monologue translated by Ian Johnston. (Locate Line 1160.) This translation is more modern than the one above and will help you understand the heightened language. (Its also worth looking through this version of the play for additional monologues by Jocasta.) Many Freudian scholars have paid particular attention to this short dramatic monologue. Read up on Freud’s Oedipal Complex and you will understand why. Video Resources Here is a short, animated version of the story of Oedipus the King. This video tells the story of Oedipus in Eight Minutes.

Introduce Discuss and Analyze The Eyes on the Prize summary of Chapter 8 essays

Introduce Discuss and Analyze The Eyes on the Prize summary of Chapter 8 essays Chapter Eight is an interesting chapter because it looks at how the civil rights movement affected two northern cities, Detroit and Chicago, and illustrates the "tensions and differences" between whites and blacks at the time. It also shows how there were racial tensions outside the South, and that they affected many different aspects of society. In Chicago, one of the most important aspects of civil rights reform consisted of fair housing and the regulation of housing so landlords did not discriminate toward blacks and other minorities. In Detroit, riots broke out because blacks were dissatisfied with their treatment by police and the community. After the Detroit riots, President Johnson created a commission to study civil rights in the country. "The commission warned that America was 'moving towards two societies, one black, one white - separate and unequal (Carson et al 291). The chapter presents a variety of documents that all relate to Chicago, Detroit, and the growing unrest in the two areas. In the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) document, known as the "Chicago Plan," housing and education are of paramount importance, and the organization provides a "philosophy of social change" that includes ending segregation, opening up educational opportunities to black children, and eradicating slums. They list twelve areas that need to improve, from the Federal Government to slum landlords, and they ask churches and college students to work as a team to help eradicate Chicago's race problems peacefully, but forcefully. They encourage peaceful demonstrations to help obtain legislation both locally and nationally to end discrimination. The next document, written by Martin Luther King, Jr. is a list of the demands tacked to the front door of Chicago's City Hall, which include demands for fair housing practices including mortgages, fair hiring ...

Advantages of oligopoly in UK supermarket industry

Advantages of oligopoly in UK supermarket industry Oligopoly in UK supermarket industry Supermarket, which provides a retail sales service, is an indispensable place for people who buy the daily things. The definition of oligopoly is that an economic condition in which there are few independent suppliers of a particular product that competitive pricing does not take place (Answer, 2010). It is manifest that the UK supermarket is under the structure of oligopoly. There are four main characteristics of supermarket in the UK. The first point with respect to this is that all the super markets in the UK sell similar products and produce branded products. Secondly, look at the bar chart on the right, the big companies has larger market share, because the big supermarkets will set high barriers to avoid new supermarket into market. More importantly, the companies must be interdependent. If one large supermarket takes an action, it will directly affect another supermarket. The chairman in the supermarkets has to take into account likely rea ctions of rivals to any change in price and output and the interdependence of sellers can keep the price stability. Finally, non-price competition is a significant strategy for selling, such as the VIP cards, online shopping. The term marketing mix refers to different elements within a strategy designed to create demand for a product (Anderton, 2008; 324). Considering of the marketing mix right for the products means all the important bases are covered in the marketing campaign and it will help the companies gain more profits. This market structure creates both advantages and disadvantages. The lower price and the creative services are the advantages, but in the oligopoly market, the collusion between the companies will have detrimental influence upon the consumers. In oligopoly market consumers can enjoy a lower price for the products. Most of supermarkets in the UK sell the products from the same grocery brands, such as Kellogg’s, Heinz and Walkers Crisps (Which, 2007). The products which be sold in different supermarkets are the same and we called it homogeneous. Mysupermarket (2010) illustrates that the same products in different supermarkets have a similar price. Thus, it means that all the supermarkets need to pay almost the same cost of the products. The larger companies might pay slightly lower than the smaller one, because the quantity of the goods which the larger companies need to buy is more than the small companies so that larger companies will have a bigger discount. The lower cost help the larger supermarkets have superiority in the low price to attract the consumers. Because of the oligopolistic market, all the companies compete on price so that different companies take different measures appeal to the consumers. Figure 2 is a kinked demand curve and it assumes that a firm will reduce its price if a competitor starts a price war, but will leave price unchanged if a competitor raises its price. Thanks for the oligopoly structure, price is rigidity. Tesco promotes the discount coupon to the consumers and they can use these coupons to save their money while they buy goods in Tesco (Couponmountain, 2010). Discount coupon appeals consumers to shopping in this supermarket, thereby making the contribution to marketing. BBC(2006) reports â€Å"Supermarket Sainsbury’s is to sell more than 500 of its own-brand products in compostable packs instead of plastic as it seeks to cut packaging waste†. Sainsbury’s uses new packing way to pack the organic fruit and vegetables. This can reduce the cost of products and it is also a good way for the environment. Providing the low price is in the best interests of consumer.

Low-Carb Dietary Restaurant Business Plan Research Paper

Low-Carb Dietary Restaurant Business Plan - Research Paper Example Low-carb food is scientifically demonstrated to be very healthy and good for fitness for everyone, but especially for overweight people. Our diet program can help the obese people trying to lose weight to lose up to 15 pounds in just 2 weeks with guaranteed results. Our recipes are the combined effort of our very skilled chefs and expert nutritionists. At present we offer 100 low-carb foods at our restaurant and in pre-packaged food at the stores. Our aim is to remove the misconceptions regarding low-carb diet and bring it forward as the mainstream dieting program for the majority to allow them to lose weight in the most efficient and effective way possible. The aim of our president and the owner of Low-Carb Dietary Restaurant, Mr. XYZ, is to provide the best quality and taste food to please our customers and at the same time help them with their diet program. If blessed with success in the first few months, we look forward to expand our operations to other cities and states as well.The purpose of Low-Carb Dietary Restaurant is to help people who are on a diet plan switch to the most effective low carbohydrate diet which is scientifically proven to help lose weight very fast. We look forward to help the ambitious people, whose dieting plan has shown minimal or no effects for them, by offering them a very efficient low-carb diet program at our restaurant. Our overall objective is to satisfy our valuable customers by providing them healthy and most effective dieting plan based on delicious, scrummy and wholesome low-carb recipes. Company Vision Starting with just one branch in the largest city of Ohio State, we look forward to expand our b usiness through a chain of similar restaurants within the country in the next 3 years. For this expansion and growth we aim to work with full dedication and devotion with no compromise on the quality of food we make. Business Goals & Objectives Benefits of low carbohydrate diet have been thoroughly studied in the past years; and our goal is to help our customers live a healthy life by taking advantage of these potential benefits. Goals and Objectives of Low-Carb Dietary Restaurant broadly encompass the following: Produce food products that fall in the category of low-carb diet that restrict carbohydrates to less than 20% of caloric intake. To offer dieting programs with quick weight loss results through low-carb products. Customer should lose up to 10 pounds weight within just two weeks. To offer a variety of recipes and diets to the customers to choose from. Healthy cooking and kitchen environment with compliance to all food regulations. To expand growth and profits by at least 20% in the first 3 years of operations. To enlighten the Columbus citizens and prospective customer about the advantages of low-carb diet. Brief History of the Business Low carbohydrate food restaurants have never been a center of attention for the Columbus city residents. Only a few people are aware of the potential benefits of low-carb diet and how helpful it can be in losing weight and staying healthy forever. People in other states have recently started noticing these advantages and that is why low-carb restaurants are expected to be in fashion very soon including Ohio. Key Company Principles Low-Carb Dietary

Charitable Trusts as One of the Types of Equity Research Paper

Charitable Trusts as One of the Types of Equity - Research Paper Example A purpose trust is found to be charitable if it is construed that the main aim of the trust was charitable; beneficial to the general public rather than being detrimental; it benefits the general public rather than focusing on collective private citizens; further it has to be proved that the purpose was solely charitable and neither political nor profit distributing. Public purpose trusts have been immensely scrutinized by courts and statutes and the new charities act 2006 has greatly reformed the law. However, the old case law still remains to be of relevance, because of the fact that there has not been much judicial scrutiny after the new Act. The preamble to the Charities Uses Act 1601 provides a list of purposes which were said to be charitable; this has been reformed by the new act (Oakley & Parker, 2003). The preamble was used as a guide by Lord Mcnaughten in Income Tax Special Purposes Comrs v Pemsel for producing his fourfold characterization of what is to be construed as charitable. The divisions were trusts for the relief of poverty; trusts for the advancement of religion; trusts for the advancement of education; and trusts for other purposes beneficial to the community (Hayton, David, Charles & Oshley, 2005). The fourth head is by far the broadest and relevant to the facts of the question. Lord Simmonds in A-G v National Provincial and Union Bank of England stated that a general public purpose benefitting the society will not suffice; it must be shown that the trust was charitable (Penner, 2006). In Williams Trustees v IRC, there was a gift on trust to establish and maintain an institute, to be known as the London Welsh Association, the purposes of which included maintaining an institute for the benefit of Welsh people in London and promoting their language culture.  

Globalisation of business activities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Globalisation of business activities - Essay Example It should be noted that there are quite a number of key players that drive globalisation and these include the multinational corporations, World Trade Organisation (WTO), World Bank and International Monetary Fund (Rodrick 2001). Different governments are also key actors as they authorise trade to take place between them and the multinational corporations intending to invest in their countries. They are very instrumental in determining the outcomes of trade and investment between the states involved as they would be responsible for regulating the operations of the multinational companies. The WTO also plays a pivotal role in that it facilitates the platform through which international trade agreements are negotiated and enforced among member states. On the other hand, the World Bank and the IMF are major actors in that they provide with loans as well as technical assistance to the governments or multinational corporations that wish to invest in other different countries. 2. The manufacturing sectors in different countries seem to have rapidly expanded on a global scale and the three major drivers that seem to have accelerated the trend of globalisation in this sector include the government, cost, market and competitive. In the manufacturing sector, it can be noted that it is expensive to manufacture certain products in other countries as a result of availability problems of raw materials, transport costs involved as well as labour costs. Against this background, various multinational companies prefer to establish their manufacturing business in areas where raw materials are readily available and in some cases where there is availability of cheap labour. The market drivers are particularly influenced by per capita concentrations in industrialised countries where they seem to have greater control of the means of production hence can determine the

Poerty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Poerty - Essay Example He cautions that the world is wavering by accepting the pleasures of the technological advancement and the impact of the materialistic civilization on the society. He observes the small experiences of life as the unique gift of Nature and wonders about the play of the pair of opposites. He treats grief as an essential ingredient of human life and he is not overwhelmed by those feelings as such and his poems do not take extreme positions. Thus an ordinary trip to farmer’s market or an incident of suicide does not evoke extreme thought-currents in him. His poems are ever calm and the worst situations do not create any harmful waves in his heart and also in the hearts of the readers. The readers experience the pleasure to follow him, not the compulsion. His voice is friendly with an ingredient of humor and at the same time funny, warm and not disrespectful and he has the strong inclination to connect with others through grim and violent situations or incomprehensible circumstance s. The poet’s drive for empathy is pleasingly positive, as he searches, sometimes frenziedly, for any appearance of hope. Having said this, one important aspect relating to the poetry is, a poet does not have control over his emotions in those inspirational moments, as poetry is hailed as the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings. Nature â€Å"scraps joy† for the poet and that bounty flows through his pen for the benefit of those who have the capacity to accept such simple but profound bounties. Dickman makes his hearty intentions quite clear in â€Å"Slow Dance.† â€Å"There is no one to save us because there is no need to be saved. I’ve hurt you. I’ve loved you. I’ve mowed the front yard.†(38-41) Dickman is the master of the inner world of an individual as such he can correctly express and interpret the different types of emotions generating therein. When one begins reading a poem and reaches up to the end, one feels amply rewar ded as they ooze a sense of fulfillment. Tony Hoagland, in his introduction to All-American Poem, says, â€Å"We turn loose such poets into our culture so that they can provoke the rest of us into saying everything on our minds. They use the bribery of imagination to convince us of the benefits of liberty.† Materialistic civilization and internet revolution have ushered an era of push buttons and a life of hurry. In â€Å"Slow Dance† the author advises the reader to check the momentum, think positively, shun the distractions and enjoy each and every incident of life, as if they are the nature-ordained blessings. Each action, each result, each experience has an element of joy and one has to scrap through it. There are two types of slowing down in life—one you slow down unable to bear the burden of life; second, you willfully and consciously slow down, take time to appreciate life, contemplate on events or developments and try to discover their meanings. In that s ituation you are neither the winner nor the defeatist. What matters is your inquisitiveness to know the reality of that experience. Every moment of life is meaningful, contains new experiences, and you will not be able to experience them for the second occasion in your lifetime, as such they are special. The sights, sounds and events ingrained in that moment are all special. An eternal music is being played and one needs to take note of the notes of music being played at a particular time. Poetry flows

Implement a program for juveniles Research Paper

Implement a program for juveniles - Research Paper Example Social dealings that guarantee smooth progressing of social relationships are now disintegrating. Lifestyles are changing and are becoming less predictable and more varied. Rapid population growth, inaccessibility of support services, unemployment amongst youth, overcrowding in poor neighborhoods, poverty and disintegrating families, etc. are some of the burdens the youth of today has to deal with. The young generation, irrespective of gender, country of residence or social origin is imperiled to risks, but on the other hand they are also presented with new opportunities; some of them beneficial while others may possibly be harmful. Quite frequently, young people commit numerous offences like; becoming drug addicts and using violence against peer. The youth indulge themselves into illegal activities due factors like; lack of adequate youth activities in underprivileged areas and increase in single-parent families or families with both parents working etc. This reduces the number of role models children have to look up to while growing up. (Youth Mentoring, 2003) This raises the need for youth mentoring programs to provide the youngster with role models and assist children to develop emotionally and socially. Such programs help children learn to comprehend their feelings and communicate them. Juvenile programs are designed to enable kids to relate to their own age group and also develop relationships with adults. There was a time when juveniles were thrown into jails and had to serve long prison terms and physical punishments just like adults. Though longs term sentences, corporal punishments and even death sentences are still practiced, but reformers who were concerned about harsh treatment of children urged the government to establish separate court system for the young criminals. The court here acts as a guardian or parent to help and protect children.

Globalisation of business activities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Globalisation of business activities - Essay Example It should be noted that there are quite a number of key players that drive globalisation and these include the multinational corporations, World Trade Organisation (WTO), World Bank and International Monetary Fund (Rodrick 2001). Different governments are also key actors as they authorise trade to take place between them and the multinational corporations intending to invest in their countries. They are very instrumental in determining the outcomes of trade and investment between the states involved as they would be responsible for regulating the operations of the multinational companies. The WTO also plays a pivotal role in that it facilitates the platform through which international trade agreements are negotiated and enforced among member states. On the other hand, the World Bank and the IMF are major actors in that they provide with loans as well as technical assistance to the governments or multinational corporations that wish to invest in other different countries. 2. The manufacturing sectors in different countries seem to have rapidly expanded on a global scale and the three major drivers that seem to have accelerated the trend of globalisation in this sector include the government, cost, market and competitive. In the manufacturing sector, it can be noted that it is expensive to manufacture certain products in other countries as a result of availability problems of raw materials, transport costs involved as well as labour costs. Against this background, various multinational companies prefer to establish their manufacturing business in areas where raw materials are readily available and in some cases where there is availability of cheap labour. The market drivers are particularly influenced by per capita concentrations in industrialised countries where they seem to have greater control of the means of production hence can determine the

Implement a program for juveniles Research Paper

Implement a program for juveniles - Research Paper Example Social dealings that guarantee smooth progressing of social relationships are now disintegrating. Lifestyles are changing and are becoming less predictable and more varied. Rapid population growth, inaccessibility of support services, unemployment amongst youth, overcrowding in poor neighborhoods, poverty and disintegrating families, etc. are some of the burdens the youth of today has to deal with. The young generation, irrespective of gender, country of residence or social origin is imperiled to risks, but on the other hand they are also presented with new opportunities; some of them beneficial while others may possibly be harmful. Quite frequently, young people commit numerous offences like; becoming drug addicts and using violence against peer. The youth indulge themselves into illegal activities due factors like; lack of adequate youth activities in underprivileged areas and increase in single-parent families or families with both parents working etc. This reduces the number of role models children have to look up to while growing up. (Youth Mentoring, 2003) This raises the need for youth mentoring programs to provide the youngster with role models and assist children to develop emotionally and socially. Such programs help children learn to comprehend their feelings and communicate them. Juvenile programs are designed to enable kids to relate to their own age group and also develop relationships with adults. There was a time when juveniles were thrown into jails and had to serve long prison terms and physical punishments just like adults. Though longs term sentences, corporal punishments and even death sentences are still practiced, but reformers who were concerned about harsh treatment of children urged the government to establish separate court system for the young criminals. The court here acts as a guardian or parent to help and protect children.

Dissemination of Data Essay Example for Free

Dissemination of Data Essay Freemantle and Watt (1994) suggest dissemination is the mechanisms and strategies by which specific groups become aware of, obtain, and make use of information. This definition introduces the notion of targeting specific groups with information that may be relevant, but also highlights the necessity of such groups being able to make use of the information once received. A goal of the researcher according to Pellecchia (1999) should be â€Å"to disseminate the findings, thereby adding new knowledge to the field†. Researchers have an array of presentational styles and formats to choose from that best fit their research purposes (Sandelowski, 1998) but the key point is to choose the most appropriate method for displaying particular research findings (Saldana, 2003). In paying attention for the above research, the most popular way to reach desired target audiences is to give a paper or show a poster in lobby influential individuals through conferences, seminars or meetings, write press articles for publications that are read by policy-makers, send a targeted mailings containing relevant findings and recommendations in the form of a newsletter, letter or leaflet and by using visual and multimedia formats such as DVD’s can enhance the impact of research findings however, the costs associated with multimedia production can be higher than other methods of dissemination. Freemantle N, Watt I (1994) Dissemination: implementing the findings of research Health Libraries Review; 11: 2, 133-137. Pellecchia LG (1999) Dissemination of research findings: Conference presentations and journal publications. Topics in Geriatric Rehabilitation; 14: 3, 67-79. Sandelowski, Margarete (1998). Writing a good read: Strategies for re-presenting qualitative data. Research in Nursing and Health, 21(4), 375-382 Saldana, Johnny (2003). Dramatizing data: A primer. Qualitative Inquiry, 9(2), 218-236. Research Design -1500 Methodology refers to the philosophical framework, the fundamental assumptions and characteristics of a human science perspective van Manen (1997). It is the theory behind the method, including the study of the method one should follow and why. To answer the research question, this study was guided by the philosophy of hermeneutic phenomenology that sought to address the experiences of women regarding reconstructive surgery. According to Rossman and Rallis (1998), phenomenology pursues to develop an understanding of lived experience. The first-hand report or description of one’s experience of the phenomenon is central to the understanding of the phenomenon. The focus of a phenomenological study according to Patton (1990) lies in the descriptions of what people experience and how it is that they experience. The goal of phenomenological research is to describe and identify precisely the essence of a person’s lived experience in relation to what is being studied and not to develop a model or describe a grand theory (Oiler, 1982). Phenomenology, as a research method, is a rigorous, systematic investigation of phenomena which approach is descriptive, retrospective, in-depth analysis of a conscious lived experience, which is everyday experiences that are real and true to the individual. Every time a participant’s view is expressed, the researcher may see the interpretation as an answer to the question that is being asked (van Manen, 1997). Thus, the conversation has a hermeneutic orientation â€Å"to sense-making and interpreting of the optic that drives the conversation†(van Manen, 1997, p.98). The adoption of hermeneutic phenomenology was based on several factors. Since the objective of the study was to determine how satisfied women are with the reconstructed breast after surgery. Hermeneutic principles facilitated the interpretation and meaning of these women’s experiences and took into account the influences of social factors. It acknowledges that understanding is influenced by both internal and external factors, and is guided by language which leads to the creation of new meanings or understanding through dialogue (Vis, 2005). Hermeneutic phenomenology involves the process of interpretation and the interaction between the researcher and the participants, requiring the researcher to be reflective, insightful, sensitive to language and open to new experiences (van Manen, 1997). It afforded the opportunity to explore and gain better appreciation of the researcher‟s cultural heritage, which enriched the depth of interpretation and understanding of the phenomenon. Sample The study was conducted at the Spire Cardiff Hospital, which caters specialist cancer care within Wales. Nurses and psychosocial professionals identified the potential participants who met the eligibility criteria and provided the researcher with their telephone numbers. The researcher approached identified participants during clinic visits or contacted them by telephone to introduce herself and provide a detailed explanation of the study. Ten participants will be recruited since there is a limited number of women that have undergone breast reconstruction within the specified year. A number of eight to ten sample size was appropriate for a phenomenological study (Morse, 2000; Starks Trinidad Brown, 2007) and achieved the goal of obtaining a varied, rich and deep understanding, or essence, of their lived experience (Creswell, 1998). The specific criteria for selecting the participants include women who received any type of breast reconstructive surgery due to breast cancer, who are older than 18 years of age, can speak and write English, and had no history of major mental illness, and those who have received breast reconstructive surgery from last year (2011) up to this year (2012). Purposive sampling will be used in this study. Verbal consent was obtained from those willing to participate in the study. Thereafter, an interview was scheduled at a mutually suitable time at the hospital or the participant’s home at which time written consent was obtained following review of the consent form. The consent form was written in English and describes the study and its objectives, outlines the potential risks and benefits to participants, as well as the safeguards to maintain confidentiality of data. The consent form also advises participants they may withdraw from the study at any time without compromising their clinical care. Data Collection Data collection consisted of patient demographic profiles and audio-taped face-to-face interviews which were subsequently transcribed. A semi-structured interview guide was constructed to facilitate data collection; the questions were partially derived from existing psychosocial literature on the concept of self-identity (Mathieson Stam, 1995) and modified for the purpose of this study. These questions were constructed to seek meaning and significance of a phenomenon (van Manen, 1997). The interviews were digitally audio-taped and transcribed. Each interview lasted about 1 – 1  ½ hour. In hermeneutic phenomenology, an interview serves as a vehicle to explore, gather and develop a conversation with the participants to gain an understanding of the meaning of the lived survivorship experience (van Manen, 1997). According to van Manen (1997), the art of the researcher in a hermeneutic interview is to keep open the question of the meaning of the phenomenon and as well to keep the researcher and the participant oriented to the idea of being questioned. As Gadamer (1975) states, â€Å"The art of questioning is that of being able to go on asking questions, i.e. the art of thinking† (as cited in van Manen, p.330). In keeping with the hermeneutic inquiry, the interview began with a broad question which asked each participant to describe what it was like around the time of breast cancer diagnosis. Thereafter, the researcher sat back and listened, allowing the participants to tell their story and the process to evolve. Following the hermeneutic circle of questioning, the researcher went back and forth, deconstructing and reconstructing meanings, while paying particular attention to not only what was said, but also and more importantly, to what was not said to uncover the true essence of the experience (McConnell-Henry et al., 2009a). Additionally, the researcher introduced ideas and concepts expressed from one interview to the next to validate common or varied themes. Attention was directed to whole or overall meanings, and at the same time, the whole or overall meanings were examined by its parts (van Manen, 1997). Field notes and memos were recorded immediately following each interview, with notations on the location of the interview, the participant’s home environment, as well as participant’s body language, facial expressions and emotional responses, such as tone of voice and affective changes observed during the interview. The researcher’s impressions and feelings during the interview and preliminary thoughts on emerging themes and theoretical assumptions were recorded in a reflexive journal. Nvivo 2.0 qualitative software was used for coding of the data. Descriptive statistics (mean, median, SD) were calculated for all demographic variables. Data analysis was conducted based an inductive iterative approach. In qualitative research, a transcript is necessary to achieve the research goal of capturing participants‟ reconstruction of their lived experience in their own words (Sandelowski, 1994) and to complement the level of analysis involved (Drisko, 1997). Sandelowski (1994) believes that a transcript becomes the researcher‟s raw data by preserving the interview event and which could be utilized for member checking and expert peer review. If the focus of an analysis is to provide an in-depth description of the knowledge, attitudes, values, beliefs or experiences of an individual, or a group of individuals, then a lengthier and more extensive text is required for the transcript. The interest of researchers goes beyond identifying patterns and salient themes; they also seek to demonstrate variations in the way a phenomenon is framed, articulated and experienced, as well as the relationships within and between particular elements of such a phenomenon (MacLean, Meyer, Estable, 2004). As the aim of this hermeneutic phenomenological research was to gain a deeper understanding of women’s feeling after breast reconstruction, every effort was made to capture not only spoken words but also the emotional content of the interviews. Transcripts were transcribed verbatim and included mispronunciations, grammatical errors, vernacular expressions, intonations, slang, and emotional sounds; these were denoted in the transcripts as [crying softly], [laughing softly] or [sounds like nervous laughter] (MacLean et al., 2004). Attention to the expression of idioms is particularly important in phenomenology as they are born out of lived experience (van Manen, 1997). To improve understanding of the content and affect of the interviews, transcripts included contextual information such as silences or pauses in conversation and background noises, as well as inaudible segments, which were documented in the transcripts as [cannot hear] or [inaudible] (MacLean et al., 2004; McLellan, MacQueen, Neidig, 2003). Interviews conducted in English were transcribed verbatim by an English-speaking transcriber, The researcher clarified and verified the English transcripts against each interview and made changes as required. For accuracy and quality control purposes, spot-checks were conducted on all transcripts and translated transcripts (McLellan et al., 2003). Preparation for data analysis begins by orienting oneself to the phenomenon (van Manen, 1997). To accomplish this, the researcher emerged herself in the data by listening to each tape purposefully and reflectively, paying attention to each participant‟s human existence. While listening, the researcher mentally re-lived the interview process; Multi-layered readings allowed a wholistic feeling of the „big picture‟ and ensured no aspects of the phenomenon were omitted. The researcher individually coded all the transcripts. During the readings, significant phrases, sentences and statements were highlighted and coded, with particular attention paid to recurrent images, repeated words, metaphors or analogies, and contradictions and transitions in the narratives (Ryan Bernard, 2003); emerging themes were categorized according to the four structures of the lifeworld. Interpretation and meanings were proposed for each statement employing words as close as possible to those voiced by the participants. Common themes were integrated into the four existential structures that describe the phenomenon , thereby generating a clear structured cognitive framework of the emergent themes; a distinction was made between incidental themes versus essential themes(van Manen, 1997). Constant comparison of the text was undertaken to identify negative cases and compare thematic patterns and commonalities that characterized the phenomenon being studied, and to explain individual variations within each interview as well as all interviews as a whole (Thorne, Kirkham, OFlynne-Magee, 2004). Phenomenological investigation entails the art of sensitivity to the subtle undertones of language; this requires the researcher to be a true listener to attune to the deep tonalities of language that normally fall out of the range of accustomed hearing (van Manen, 1997). Data Analysis 5.3.1 Thematic Analysis This study employed thematic analysis to describe and interpret the internal meaning structures of lived experience or lifeworld. In qualitative research, thematic analysis is the most common approach for data interrogation (Creswell, 1998). According to Luborsky (1993), the significant benefit of utilizing thematic analysis is its direct representation of an individual‟s point of view and descriptions of experiences, beliefs and perceptions. In phenomenology, themes, or existential themes, are viewed as the structures of experience and often described and interpreted within the structures of the four existentials of lifeworld lived space (spatiality), lived time (temporality), lived body (corporeality), and lived relation (relationality) as the means to ground human experience (van Manen, 1997). In other words, recognizing how and where the data was to be categorized thematically not only helped to integrate the themes into a structured meaning, but also provided a clear structured cognitive framework for the researcher and the reader to understand the textual data (Vis, 2005). Unlike quantitative research which seeks causal determination, prediction and statistical generalization of findings, the aim of a naturalist, constructive and interpretative inquiry is to solicit rich illumination, understanding and extrapolation from the data generated (Hoepfl, 1997; Polkinghorne, 1989). The issues of validity and reliability are just as important in qualitative studies as in quantitative research to establish truth-value; in qualitative investigations, however, validity and reliability are achieved through the concepts of credibility, transferability, dependability and confirmability (Guba Lincoln, 1985). For hermeneutical research, the multiple stages of interpretation that allow patterns to emerge, the discussion of how interpretations arise from the data, and the interpretive process itself are critical ways to ensure rigor (Koch, 1995).Rigor was further enhanced by having two English transcripts randomly selected and reviewed by the thesis supervisor (CW) and a committee member (DH). They each read the transcripts to verify coding accuracy, reviewed the extracted statements as well as the formulated meanings and themes, and provided additional interpretation of the coded data as necessary. In this study, trustworthiness was addressed through reflexivity, prolonged engagement, interdisciplinary triangulation, negative case analysis, peer debriefing/support and audit trail (Padgett, 1998). Prior to detailed discussion of the techniques employed to establish trustworthiness, I pause to acknowledge the current debate and tension regarding the appropriateness of applying quantitative terminology to establish rigor in qualitative research (Golafshani, 2003) . While prolonged engagement, triangulation and negative case analysis are acceptable techniques to establish rigor in qualitative research (Guba Lincoln, 1985), there is, however, an acknowledged need for qualitative researchers to define the meanings of these techniques within the paradigm (Babour, 1998). Therefore, interpretation of the techniques applied in this hermeneutic phenomenological research is explained. Ethical Considerations Ethics approval was sought and obtained from the Research Ethics Board to conduct the thesis research at Spire Cardiff Hospital. Administrative ethics approval was also sought and obtained from the Office of Research Ethics in Wales for thesis research. Participants who met the inclusion criteria were contacted by the researcher to introduce the study, provide written details of the investigation and obtain their consent to participate in the study. The consent form in English described the study and its objectives, the potential risks and benefits to participants, and the safeguards to maintain confidentiality of data. The consent form also advised participants that they could withdraw from the study at any time without compromising their clinical care. The risk to the participants in this study was limited to possible psychological or emotional discomfort when sharing their experiences; in such cases, the interview would be suspended and participants offered the option of continuing or terminating the interview, as well as a referral to the Spire Cardiff Hospital Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care Program for professional support. Benefits of the study are its contribution to both the development of culturally sensitive psychosocial/supportive care interventions and the knowledge-building process regarding the women’s experiences after breast reconstruction. To protect the confidentiality of participants, an identifying number was assigned to digitally recorded interviews. All patient identifying information was deleted before they were forwarded to a secured e-mail account for transcription. To ensure security, digital audio recordings were stored in the researcher’s locked office and transcribed data password protected. Participants were assured that their decision to participate, or not would in no way affect their follow up or future treatment and care at the hospital. Participants were referred to another breast site social worker for psychosocial care as appropriate. van Manen, M. (1997). Researching lived experience: Human science for an action sensitive pedagogy (2nd ed.). London, Ontario: The Althousen Press. Oiler, C. (1982). Phenomenological approach in nursing research. Nursing Research, 5, 49-63. Vis, J.-A. L. (2005). Exploring the lived experience following trauma: A hermeneutic phenomenology study. Unpublished Dissertation, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Morse, J. (2000). Determining sample size. Qualitative Health Research, 10(1), 3-5. Starks, H., Trinidad Brown, S. (2007). Choose your method: A comparison of phenomenology, discourse analysis, and grounded theory. Qualitative Health Research, 17(10), 1327-1380. Creswell, J. W. (1998). Qualitative inquiry and research design. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Mathieson, C., Stam, H. J. (1995). Renegotiating identity: Cancer narratives. Sociology of Health Illness, 17(3), 283-306. McConnell-Henry, T., Chapman, Y., Francis, K. (2009a). Husserl and Heidegger: Exploring the disparity. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 15, 7-15. Sandelowski, M. (1994). Notes on Transcription. Research in Nursing Health, 17, 311-314. MacLean, L., Meyer, M., Estable, A. (2004). Improving Accuracy of Transcriptsin Qualitative Research. Qualitative Health Research, 14(1), 113-123. Drisko, J. W. (1997). Strengthening qualitative studies and reports: Standards to promote academic integrity. Journal of Social Work Education, 33(1), 185-197. McLellan, E., MacQueen, K., Neidig, J. L. (2003). Beyond the Qualitative Interview: Data Preparation and Transcription. Field Methods, 15(1), 63-84. Ryan, G. W., Bernard, H. R. (2003). Techniques to identify themes. Field Methods, 15(1), 85-109. Thorne, S., Kirkham, S. R., OFlynne-Magee, K. (2004). The analytic challenge in interpretive description. Retrieved November 12, 2008, from Http://www.ualberta.ca/~iiqm/backissues/3_1/pdf/thorneetal/pdf Luborsky, M. R. (1993). The identification and analysis of themes and patterns. In J. Gubrium A. Sankar (Eds.), Qualitative Methods in Aging Research (pp. 189-210). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Hoepfl, M. (1997). Choosing qualitative research: A primer fpr technology edcuation researchers. Retrieved April 2, 2008, from http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/JTE/jte-v9n1/JTEv9n1.pdf#page=49 Polkinghorne, D. E. (1989). Phenomenological research methods. In R. S. Valle S. Halling (Eds.), Existential Phenomenological perspectives in psychology (pp. 41-60). NY: New York: Plenum Press. Guba, E., Lincoln, Y. S. (1985). Naturalisitc Inquiry. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. Koch, T. (1995). Interpretative approaches in nursing research: The influence of Husserl and Heidegger. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 21, 827-836. Golafshani, N. (2003). Understanding reliability and validity in qualitative research. The Qualitative Report, 8(4), 597-607. Padgett, D. (1998). Qualitative methods in social work research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. Babour, R. S. (1998). Mixing qualitative methods: Quality assurance or qualitative quagmire? Qualitative Health Research, 8(3), 352-361. Levine, E. G., Eckhardt, J., Targ, E. (2005). Change in post-traumatic stress symptoms following psychosocial treatment for breast cancer. Psycho-Oncology, 14, 618-635. Smith, M. Y., Redd, W. H., Peyser, C., Vogl, D. (1999). Post-traumatic stress disorder in cancer: A review. Psycho-Oncology, 8, 521-537. Kornblith, A. B., Herndon, J. E., Weiss, R. B., Zhang, C., Zuckerman, E. L., Rosenberg, S., et al. (2003). Long-term adjustment of survivors of early-stage breast carcinoma, 20 years after adjuvant chemotherapy. Cancer, 98(4), 679-689.

Drug Discovery and Development Processes

Drug Discovery and Development Processes INTRODUCTION The human body is a miracle but it is also extremely vulnerable. Many illnesses and disorders are still untreatable. Fortunately science is always evolving. It is unravelling more and more secrets about how our body works and which process is occurring in conditions of sickness or health. The challenge is to use our scientific knowledge to discover new, innovative drugs, a new hope for the patients all over the world. Drug Designing or Drug Discovery and Development is an inventive process of finding new medications based on understanding of the biological target. Vast majority of drugs are small molecules designed to bind, interact and modulate the activity of specific biological proteins. These proteins which may also be receptors bind to and interact with other molecules to perform the numerous functions required for the maintenance of life. In many illnesses, one or more proteins or receptors in the body are not working correctly. That is what the scientists try to detect. If they discover which proteins or receptors cause an illness then these same proteins become the target for the development of a new drug. Thus, the target is the naturally existing cellular or molecular structure involved in the pathology of interest that the drug-in-development is meant to act on. Drugs work by interacting with target molecules (receptors) in our bodies and altering their activities in a way that is benef icial to our health. In some cases, the effect of a drug is to stimulate the activity of its targets (an agonist) while in other cases the drug blocks the activity of its target (an antagonist). DRUG DISCOVERY PROGRAMME A drug discovery programme initiates because of a disease or a clinical condition for which a suitable medical product is not available. It is this unmet clinical need which is the underlying driving motivation for the project. Developing a drug from an original idea to the launch of the finished product is a very labor-intensive, time consuming and expensive procedure which can take over 14 years to complete. Target-based drug discovery starts with a thorough understanding of the disease mechanism and the role of enzymes, receptors or proteins within the disease pathology. The initial research would include experimental procedures to identify proteins responsible of the disease and generation a hypothesis that the inhibition or activation of those protein or pathway will result in a therapeutic effect in a disease state. The outcome is the selection of a target which may require further validation prior to progression into the lead discovery phase in order to justify a drug discovery effort. During lead discovery an intensive search ensues with the help of a technique called High Throughput Screening (HTS) to find a drug-like molecule or biological therapeutic, typically termed as a development candidate, that will progress into the preclinical, and if successful, into clinical development and ultimately be a marketed medicine. Drug discovery process from target identification and validation through to filing of a compound and the approximate timescale for these processes. FDA: Food and Drug Administration; IND: Investigational New Drug; NDA: New Drug Application. DRUG TARGETS One of the most important steps in developing a new drug is target identification and validation. A target is a broad term which can be applied to a range of biological entities such as proteins, genes and RNA. A drug target is a key molecule involved in a particular metabolic or signal transduction pathway that is specific to a disease condition or a specific disease. Knowing the cellular targets of drugs is crucial if the process of drug discovery is to be made more efficient. Identifying the full spectrum of targets associated with a bioactive small molecule can lead to faster optimization, understanding of off-target side effects and the ability to minimize possible toxicities early on in the process. It is vital to have as much evidence as possible to support a target of choice before investing more resources in the target. Good targets share several features: involvement in a crucial biological pathway; distinction from any previously known target; functionally and structurally characterized; and druggable. A ‘druggable’ target is accessible to the putative drug molecule and upon binding elicits a biological response which can be measured both in vitro and in vivo. It also needs to be efficacious, safe, meet clinical and commercial needs. When searching for novel drug targets, candidates can be assessed according to how many of these features they have, as well as participation in a biological process critical to the disease. Identification of the target is followed by its validation which a process of physiologically, pathologically and pharmacologically evaluating a biomolecule. It might be performed at the molecular, cellular or whole animal level. The potential drug target is then subject to high-throughput screening against a library of drug-like compounds or to rational drug designin g. However, the term ‘drug target’ itself has several limitations. The following points should be kept in mind: First, a drug is disease-dependent, that is, every target is involved in a spectrum of diseases. Second, most human diseases are rather complicated and involve a number of risk factors, so there clearly are many different targets with respect to a specific disease. Targeting a specific target could not conceivably cure a disease. Third, there are many drugs targets the same target and one drug may have more than one target. The relationship between a drug and its target is not one-to-one but many-to-one. According to whether there are drugs available, a drug target can be classified into two classes: established drug targets and potential drug targets. The former are those for which there a good scientific understanding, supported by a lengthy publication history regarding both how the target functions in normal physiology and how it is involved in human pathology. Furthermore, there are many drugs targeting this target. The latter are those biomolecules whose functions are not fully understood and which lack drugs targeting them. Potential targets suggest directions for complete new drug research. At present, the most frequent protein targets for which successful drugs have been developed include proteases, kinases, GPCRs and nuclear hormone receptors. GPCRs and enzymes represent the most important classes of proteins for drug discovery. According to the DrugBank database, there are 435 effect-mediating drug targets in human genome. These structures are targets of 989 unique drugs, through 2,242 drug-target interactions. The dataset shows that receptors make up the largest group of drug targets: 193 proteins (44%) of the human drug targets) are receptors, and 82 (19%) of these are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). In overall dataset, ~36% of drug targets are GPCRs. Ligand-gated ion channels are second largest receptor target class followed by receptor tyrosine kinases at the third place. Enzymes are the second largest group of target proteins in the human genome, comprising 29% of all human drug targets. Hydrolases are the most common class of enzymatic drug targets, comprising 49% of all human enzyme drug targets followed by oxidoreductases and transferases comprising 27% and 19% respectively. In addition, the majority (78%) of the enzyme targets are soluble proteins and not membrane-associated proteins. E.g.; cyclooxygenase 1 and cyclooxygenase 2, which belong to the oxidoreductase family are targeted by acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin).

The Emotional Crypt in Gabriel Garcia Marquezs Love in the Time of Cholera :: Love Time Cholera

The Emotional Crypt in Gabriel Garcia Marquez's Love in the Time of Cholera It is a well-known fact that bread keeps fresher longer if one sucks the air from the bag it is in before clipping it tightly shut. Thus, in those nations where bread, our staff of life, is provided for us in brightly colored bags, we dutifully absorb the treacherous air, holding tightly to the theory that everything survives better in a vacuum. It is human nature to keep those things we love and need free from harm, tightly wrapped up and out of the elements.   When trauma strikes a human being it is not uncommon for that person to respond by finding or creating a small pocket of normalcy or "emotional crypt," 1   and living safely inside of it, shielding themselves from pain. These crypts take on many forms and, in turn, can be penetrated in many ways. Tombs can be literal or figurative.   While one person may prefer the sanctity of a house or   basement, another may simply create a small but perfect world inside their mind.   Still others might choose a relationship, obj ects, or a form of communication to separate painful reality from tolerable bliss. Modeled after a love affair his mother had with a telegraph operator before she was married, Gabriel Garcia Marquez's late work Love in the Time of Cholera 2 , is an eloquent illustration of how a person or persons can utilize an emotional crypt throughout a lifetime as a tool for dealing with many forms of trauma (McNerney 78).   Additionally, it demonstrates how these emotional crypts can eventually become reality for the person in a post-traumatic state. Lorenzo Daza is a mule trader who, by means legal or illegal, has made enough money to send his daughter Fermina to a fine academy for training women to be good, upper-class brides. Though they are decidedly lower middle class, Lorenzo is deeply set on his daughter marrying far above her station. Florentino Ariza, on the other hand, is the poor but ambitious bastard son of a powerful South American merchant to whom his mother was a mistress.   He works for the local telegraph company and is proficient and talented in the arts of music and, especially, writing.   He has a future as a riverboat merchant but Lorenzo is non-plussed by this.   Ariza first sees Fermina when he delivers a telegram to her father's house.

Essay --

China has many traditions that they follow very closely. Not much of the Chinese culture has been forgotten or not practiced anymore. But there is one tradition that China does not practice, and for good reason too. Chinese foot binding was first used to show superiority and power. Over the years women started to foot bind their daughters to show beauty and class. Chinese foot binding started in 1700-1027 B.C., during the Shang Dynasty. Foot binding started with the royal family. The Shang Empress had a clubfoot, so she demanded that foot binding be required in the court. Over the years foot binding spread throughout China. The wealthy did it to show wealth and power and eventually even farmers started to bind their feet, making it easier for them to marry into wealth. 40 percent to 50 percent of Chinese women had bound feet in the 19th century. For the upper classes, the figure was almost 100 percent. â€Å"Some estimate that as many as 2 billion Chinese women broke and bound their feet to attain this agonizing ideal of physical perfection†. Farm girls were able to marry into wealth and all was wonderful. People were happy and you were considered beautiful if you had bound feet. Although people were starting to realize that foot binding was making them suffer they continued to do it. They had to be carried around because they couldn’t walk on their prized "three-inch golden lotuses.† Geishas started foot binding before most people except for royalty. The Geishas would bind their feet to show beauty. They were extremely proud of their three-inch prized golden lotuses. "The bandages that women used for foot binding were about 10 feet long, so it was difficult for them to wash their feet," Yang, an old woman now, who grew up in... ...oupe which toured the region. Such public display is a far cry from their youth, when their bound feet limited their freedom, keeping them close to their homes. But the local press criticized the dance troupe, talking of abuse and freak shows. These women yet again are victims of history in a society that finds their dilemma an uncomfortable reminder of its own recent cruelty towards women. Overall, foot binding was a practice that will forever be remembered. Many women have suffered from this horrific practice but they don’t let it hold them back. They strive to overcome being shunned and today, they are respected for surviving the foot binding epidemic. All over China there are old women with bound feet and many stories about growing up with three inch golden lotuses. Many of these women live in the village of Liuyicun. We will never forget the foot binding era .

The Program No Child Left Behind Education Essay

The NCLB plan was proposed by the disposal of the President George W. Bush shortly after they took office. The measure passed on June 14, 2001 and was signed in to jurisprudence on January 8, 2002 by the President. The plan was called to back up the educational reform that was based on the belief that set uping of mensurable ends and high criterion scenes could be able to better single educational results. The Act obliged provinces to make and develop appraisals in all basic accomplishments and give it to all pupils in schools that receive federal support. NCLB does non maintain any national criterion of accomplishments ; they are set by each province separately. Nevertheless, present President of the United States Barack Obama during the 2011 State of the Union Address announced that â€Å" nicklebee † is traveling to be replaced. What are the grounds? Without some of import alterations this plan is improbable could be re-authorized. Sanctions of shutting schools with low public presentation without giving options make kids to halt attention schools in vicinity and visit distance schools in which public presentation is higher. It is one point of unfavorable judgment of NCLB. Another negative side is approximately high bets proving that replaced an effectual instruction as a chief focal point of instructional scheduling. Under the present jurisprudence, the AYP ( Adequate Yearly Progress ) is increasing every twelvemonth, i.e. any schools, or establishments who in one twelvemonth did n't do the AYP are often far behind in the following season. Besides, the NCLB gave some demands that many per centums of particular instruction pupils increase their public presentation at the little or basic degree to the high or adept degree. In the NCLB last reauthorization, they allowed up to 3 % of kids to travel for an interchange appraisal on their degree of disablement. Children that are 2 or 3 old ages below normal grade degree are asked to take the suited class degree rating. The different job with the bing statute law is that every province has its ain manner of developing its trial. In an dry point of position, the province whose rating is more close to the consequence of their pupils on the NAEP does non basically have the maximal per centum of high degree pupils at the 8th and 11th class, which in other words shows the silencing of some provinces evaluation, most particularly in the southern parts of the United States. Before to discourse critics of NCLB let us look through some good sides and accomplishment of the plan. Recent NAEP ( National Assessment of Educational Progress ) consequences show accomplishment of pupils in reading and math were improved. The most important advancement was made by nine – twelvemonth – olds kids. Some research workers try to contend the consequences of this accomplishment. Nevertheless, the plan was non wholly useless. Let us advert some of import betterment. Improvement of local criterions ; notably New York State supported the commissariats of NCLB because they were certain that the plan could let to utilize the longitudinal informations much more efficaciously to supervise YAP. Hayes ( 2008 ) declared that as a consequence of â€Å" nicklebee † provinces all over America achieved betterment in their advancement ; Increased answerability ; this is the 1 strong positive point that is claimed by NCLB protagonists. Legislation obliges schools to go through annually trials which are traveling to look into how much betterments scholars achieved during a twelvemonth. The trials are the chief mean to see whether a school lives up to the needed criterions or non. If the consequence is negative, a school will run into decrease support or other type of penalty. Supporters province that NCLB helps schools and instructors to recognize the importance and significance of the educational system and how the low degree of answerability impacting the American state. Nevertheless, some oppositions are against a penalty because it would instead impact a school than aid it because no penalty contributes to the betterment of schools and pupils ; Attention to minority populations ; NCLB aimed to make the common outlooks for everybody ; it meant to diminish racial and category spread in schools. Harmonizing to the plan ‘s requires, territories and schools supposed to concentrate on the academic accomplishment of those groups of kids that were traditionally underserved ( for illustration, pupil with disablements, low income or from cultural and racial subgroups ) ; Quality of instruction ; an ideal end of NCLB plan was to increase the quality of instruction improve schools ‘ public presentation. Requirement for schools supposed to be following: to implement in schoolrooms researches that are based on scientific discipline, to supply different plans with parents ‘ engagement, to assist those pupils that were non encouraged in developing professional activity. Besides schools were expected to supply Early Reading First enterprise to back up early literacy. Language humanistic disciplines, scientific discipline accomplishments, mathematics and emphatic reading required to be include in to core academic topics. We mentioned some good sides of the plan NCLB. Some of those ends were partially achieved ; some of them left on a paper of the measure. Let us discourse critical point. The attraction of NCLB ‘s events is vehemently disputed. It is really hard to measure the utility of the act ; this is because it applied to all provinces doing it hard to deduce what would hold happened without the act. Nevertheless, surveies of the province duty systems that were in topographic point before NCLB specify that liability for consequences led to faster advancement in achievement for the provinces that conveying together such schemes.A The uninterrupted geographic expedition of province trial Markss before and after executing of NCLB besides supports its optimistic influence.A Owens & A ; Sunderman ( 2006 ) mentioned that a chief animadversion emphasizes that NCLB could shrivel operative direction and pupil instruction because it may do provinces to subordinate achievement purposes and influence instructors to leave to the appraisal. Packer ( 2007 ) said that a chief helpful entitlement proclaims that methodical proving offers facts that shed visible radiation on which institutes are non learning simple accomplishments successfully, so that interventions can be made to retrieve merchandises for all students while dropping the attainment spread for deprived and disabled students. The Critiques of NCLB can be systematized into the undermentioned categorizations: Unrealistic ends Harmonizing to Alabama State Superintendent Joe Morton on Wednesday, August 11, 2010 â€Å" There ‘s a misconception in the jurisprudence and everyone are familiar with it, â€Å" Confering to the No Child Left Behind Act, by 2014 all kid is supposed to prove on rating degree in analysis and math. † Harmonizing to Daggett & A ; Gendron ( 2010 ) : â€Å" That ca n't go on you have excessively many variables and you have excessively many scenarios, and everybody knows that would ne'er go on † . Harmonizing to Caylor, M. J. , Alabama State Board Member: â€Å" I do n't believe that No Child Left Behind has benefited this province. † She claimed the end of 100 % ability is inaccessible.A Harmonizing to Murray, C: A † the United States Congress, moving with big bipartizan bulks, at the goad of the President, enacted as the jurisprudence of the land that all kids are to be above norm † . â€Å" Bet oning † the system The strategy of temptations and effects sets up a solid enthusiasm for institutes, parts, and provinces to act upon trial consequences. For case, schools have been made known to engage â€Å" originative reclassification † of drop-outs to decrease negative measurings ) . Many critics claim that these and other attacks generate an exaggerated consciousness of NCLB ‘s accomplishments, chiefly in provinces with high fringy populations. Liston, Whitcomb, & A ; Borko ( 2007 ) stated that the incentives for an sweetening besides may do provinces to decrease their certified ethical motives. For the ground that every province can give its ain consistent appraisals, a province can do its general appraisals at easiness to upsurge scores.A Missouri, for case, enhanced ambitious tonss but flexibly self-proclaimed that they pull down the principles.A A 2007 reappraisal by the United States Dept. of Education specifies that the sensed changes in provinces ‘ testified tonss is fundamentally due to alterations in the stringency of their ethical motives. Problems with standardised trials Harmonizing to Abedi ( 2007 ) we see that disparagers have debated that the attempt onA consistent analysisA ( all students in a province return equal trial in the same fortunes ) as the agencies of rating inspires instructors to clear up a little division of abilities that the instructor considers will upsurge assessment public presentation, instead than accent on obtaining profound apprehension of the full, wide-ranging prospectus. The exercising of giving all students equal test, in the same state of affairss, has been alleged of built-in cultural bias for the ground that different civilizations may rate different endowments. Besides, it may fight with theA Persons with Disabilities Education ActA ( IDEA ) , which states that institutes must lodge helpless pupils. Gifted, talented, and high-performing pupils Specific local schools are merely endorsing direction for indispensable subjects or for disciplinary distinguishable instruction. NCLB puts load on schools to assure that about all students will run into the least skill phases that is set by all province in reading, authorship, and computation, but necessitates nil outside these lower limits. Plans that are non critical to achieving the directed lowest accomplishments are ignored or disregarded by those quarters. In precise, NCLB does non ask any plans for skilled, talented, and other high-performing scholars. Consequence on humanistic disciplines and electives The chief focal point of NCLB is on abilities in reading, composing and arithmetic, which are parts connected to pecuniary success. Shared with the economic catastrophes in theA Late 2000s slack, some schools have cut or eradicated Sessionss and resources for many capable extents that are non portion of NCLB ‘s duty principles.A Ever since 2007, about 71 % of schools have abridged some tuition clip in topics like history, humanistic disciplines, linguistic communication and music, in attempt to give more period and resources to arithmetic and English. In many schools, the categories remain present, but different pupils who are non adept in basic abilities are sent to corrective reading or mathematics lessons instead than humanistic disciplines, athleticss, or other voluntary topics. Restrictions on local control VariousA conservativeA orA tolerantA critics have claimed that NCLB groups a new customary for regionalizing instruction and puting a form for farther devastation of province and local control. Harmonizing to Dollarhide & A ; Lemberger ( 2006 ) , libertarians and some conformist farther claim that the cardinal authorities has noA constitutional authorization in acquisition, which is why part in NCLB is purely elected: States need non carry through with NCLB, every bit long as they are eager to release the federal subsidy that comes with it. The provinces that select non to obtain subsidy will hold their responsibilities used in another province alternatively. Additions Segregation in Public Schools Sarant ( 2007 ) is certain that many persons accept as true that No Child Left Behind has played a portion in the growing of separated public institutes. Probes have revealed that many African American bookmans attend the bottommost acting schools in the state, and African Americans score significantly inferior on about every gage of academic wellbeing than do offspring of a Caucasic decent. Sogunro, Faryniarz, & A ; Rigazio-Digilio ( 2009 ) presented that one current survey has revealed that many schools in California and Illinois that have non encountered AYP function 75-85 % alternate pupils while schools run intoing AYP have fewer than 40 % minority pupils. Besides, even though institutes that do non come across AYP are obligatory to offer their bookmans ‘ parents the opportunity to reassign their pupils to a non-failing institute inside the part, it is non critical that the other school receives the pupil. The parents with more preparation and capitals are most likely to go forth minor schools. And besides they are more expected to analyze the institutes and do an up-to-date pick on where to handover their kid. This over and over once more intimations to stray schools by reciprocally race and category. It is easy to see that it turned to be instead difficult to run originally good thoughts. Some critics argue that NCLB plan is irreclaimable. However, the reform received some proposals. Tommy Thompson, the former Health and Human Services Secretary and Roy Barnes, former Georgia Governor, which were co-chairs of the Aspen Commission on No Child Left Behind Program, made the Commission ‘s concluding recommendation about reauthorization populace in February 2007. The Commission put attempts on the betterment of NCLB and on doing it more utile in shuting spreads between disadvantage pupils and their equals. The Commission was analyzing the consequence and analysis during one twelvemonth and showed successes of the Program and those facets of it that need to be significantly modified or changed. One more alternate proposal was offered from The Forum on Educational Accountability ( FEA ) , the Joint Organizational Statement on NCLB working group. The chief thought of the proposal is to switch the Program NCLB to back uping communities and accountably keep them if they make alterations that help pupils to better acquisition. Sum uping all the information above, we can see that NCLB had many utile ends. Decreasing spread between disables, racial groups and other kids is among them ; but the Program demand to be significantly improved. The present President of the United States Barack Obama works on the procedure of the reauthorization for the ESEA that was a precursor of â€Å" neclebee † . He and Congress are presently working on induction of the reform measures ; Congress take a firm standing on the legion amendments to the measure. Obama claims his end to moo that spread between white and black pupils. Now the community is waiting for the new consequences and hope that all positive promises and claims will be achieved in a short clip..